09th January, 2022 – Static Quiz

Explanation:
Depending on the mixture of hydrocarbon molecules, crude oil varies in color, composition and consistency. Different oil-producing areas yield significantly different varieties of crude oil. The words “light” and “heavy” describe a crude oil’s density and its resistance to flow (viscosity). Some, which are low in metals and sulfur content, light in color and consistency, and flow easily, are known as “light.” Less expensive, low-grade crude oils, which are higher in metals and sulfur content, and must be heated to become fluid, are known as “heavy.” • The term “API Gravity” refers to the “American Petroleum Institute Gravity, which is a measure that compares how light or heavy a crude oil is in relation to water. If an oils “API Gravity” is greater than 10 then it is lighter than water and will float on it. If an oils “API Gravity” is less than 10, it is heavier than water and will sinks. • The term “sweet” is used to describe crude oil that is low in malodorous sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans, and the term “sour” is used to describe crude oil containing high malodorous sulfur compounds. • While light and sweet crude oils give best yields of high value products like gasoline and LPG, Heavy crude oils give more of bitumen and asphalt. • West Texas Intermediate (WTI) is an extremely high quality crude oil which is greatly valued for the fact that it is of such premium quality, more and better gasoline can be refined from a single barrel than from most other types of oil available on the market. • Brent Blend is a combination of different oils from 15 fields throughout the Scottish Brent and Ninian systems located in the North Sea.

Explanation:
A significant amount of the world’s coal resources are too deep to be mined by traditional methods. However, gasification that occurs underground can convert much of this “stranded” coal into syngas that can then be used to produce power and other useful products—without having to mine it.The predominant product gases are methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
Statement 1: There are a number of significant economic benefits associated with UCG that include no need for the coal to be mined or handling and a significantly lower capital cost for project development than that of above ground plants that mine coal.
Statement 2: It also reduces use of groundwater or freshwater as underground saline water is used.

Explanation:
The two ions that are present most often in seawater are chloride and sodium. These two make up over 90% of all dissolved ions in seawater.
The order of concentration can be seen here
https://web.stanford.edu/group/Urchin/mineral.html
It is Chloride>Sodium>Magnesium>Sulfur>Calcium>Potassium.
Moreover, potassium cannot be commercially extracted as it is not very abundant and concentrated. So, B is wrong. Rivers and surface runoff are one, but not the only source of dissolved salts. Hydrothermal vents are recently-discovered features on the crest of oceanic ridges that contribute dissolved minerals to the oceans.

Explanation:
Statement 1: According to British Geological Survey, the world’s largest deposit of mica is at Koderma district in the state of Jharkhand (India). About 95% of India’s mica is distributed in just three states of Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan.
Statement 2: Copper resource has been identified and explored to varying degree in 14 states of the country such as Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Orissa, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand and West Bengal.
Mining production of India is just 0.2% of world’s production, whereas refined copper production is about 4% of world’s production.
Statement 3: Gold reserves, although scarce in India, have been reported from a number of scattered localities (apart from Karnataka and AP) in Gulbarga, Belgaum, Bellary, Mysore, Mandya, Chikmagalur and Shimoga districts.

Explanation:
Statement 1: India imports nearly 80% of its crude oil requirements. It however exports a large quantum of processed oil products.
Statement 2: Ever since the cross border trade of electricity started in mid-Eighties, India has been importing power from Bhutan and marginally exporting to Nepal. But, as per Central Electricity Authority, for the first time India has turned around from a net importer of electricity to Net Exporter of electricity during 2016-17.
India has exported to Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar. Export to Nepal and Bangladesh increased 2.5 and 2.8 times respectively in last three years.
Statement 3: Coking coal imports by Indian steel makers are pegged at 50 million tonnes in 2016-17.

Explanation:
It is the nodal agency to look after safety requirements of the Explosives and Petroleum Sectors.
Statement 1: To administer the responsibilities delegated under the Explosives Act 1884 and Petroleum Act 1934 and the rules made there under related to manufacture, import, export, transport, possession, sale and use of Explosives, Petroleum products and Compressed gases is its responsibility apart from providing related technical guidance.
Statement 2: It must ensure public safety in the areas of manufacture, transport, storage, handling, etc. of Explosives, Petroleum, Carbide of Calcium, Inflammable substances and Compressed Gases.
Evaluation of new technologies in hazardous within the purview of Explosives Act 1884 and Petroleum Act 1934 also comes under its ambit.

Coal & Lignite> Bauxite> Iron Ore> Petroleum

The hot magma in the interior of the earth.

Explanation:
Ten minerals which are selected to measure the degree of hardness from 1-10-
1. Talc;
2. Gypsum;
3. Calcite;
Fluorite;
5. Apatite;
6. Feldspar;
7. Quartz;
8. Topaz;
9. Corundum;
10. Diamond.

Explanation:
India was the first country to receive the status of a pioneer investor for exploration and
utilization of polymetallic nodules. It was allocated an exclusive area in Central Indian Ocean
Basin by United Nations (UN) in 1987.
The International Seabed Authority (ISA) in its 23rd session recently held at Kingston, Jamaica
has extended India’s exclusive rights to explore polymetallic nodules from seabed in Central
Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB). Polymetallic nodules (also called as manganese nodules) are small potato-sized (from millimetres to tens of centimetres in diameter) lumps of minerals found in deep sea. They contain nickel, copper, cobalt, lead, cadmium, vanadium, molybdenum, titanium in various
proportions of which nickel, cobalt and copper are considered to be of economic and strategic
importance. They are found in abundance carpeting the sea floor of world oceans in deep sea.