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Question 1 of 10
1. Question
2 points
Which of the following statements is incorrectly stated?
Correct
Solution: b)
Alpha diversity
Alpha diversity describes the species diversity within a community at a small scale or local scale, generally the size of one ecosystem. When we casually speak of diversity in an area, more often than not it refers to alpha diversity.
Beta diversity
Beta diversity describes the species diversity between two communities or ecosystems. It is at a larger scale, and looks to compare the species diversity between two separate entities that are often divided by a clear geographical barrier like a river or a mountain ridge.
Gamma diversity
Gamma diversity is studied at a very large scale—a biome—where species diversity is compared between many ecosystems. It could range over areas like the entire slope of a mountain, or the entire littoral zone of a sea shore.
Example: Let’s take a mountain slope as our landscape. On this slope, there will be many different patches of forests and grasslands. Alpha diversity is the species diversity present within each forest or grassland patch of the slope. Beta diversity is represented by the species diversity between any two patches and their communities. Gamma diversity of the landscape is the species diversity along the entire range of the mountain slope.
Food web is more comprehensive than food chain.
Incorrect
Solution: b)
Alpha diversity
Alpha diversity describes the species diversity within a community at a small scale or local scale, generally the size of one ecosystem. When we casually speak of diversity in an area, more often than not it refers to alpha diversity.
Beta diversity
Beta diversity describes the species diversity between two communities or ecosystems. It is at a larger scale, and looks to compare the species diversity between two separate entities that are often divided by a clear geographical barrier like a river or a mountain ridge.
Gamma diversity
Gamma diversity is studied at a very large scale—a biome—where species diversity is compared between many ecosystems. It could range over areas like the entire slope of a mountain, or the entire littoral zone of a sea shore.
Example: Let’s take a mountain slope as our landscape. On this slope, there will be many different patches of forests and grasslands. Alpha diversity is the species diversity present within each forest or grassland patch of the slope. Beta diversity is represented by the species diversity between any two patches and their communities. Gamma diversity of the landscape is the species diversity along the entire range of the mountain slope.
Food web is more comprehensive than food chain.
Question 2 of 10
2. Question
2 points
Ecological Succession is generally characterized by
Increased productivity
Decreased niche development
Increased complexity of food webs
Select the correct answer code:
Correct
Solution: b)
Ecological succession, the process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time. The time scale can be decades (for example, after a wildfire), or even millions of years after a mass extinction.
The community begins with relatively few pioneering plants and animals and develops through increasing complexity until it becomes stable or self-perpetuating as a climax community.
Two different types of succession—primary and secondary—have been distinguished. Primary succession occurs in essentially lifeless areas—regions in which the soil is incapable of sustaining life as a result of such factors as lava flows, newly formed sand dunes, or rocks left from a retreating glacier. Secondary succession occurs in areas where a community that previously existed has been removed; it is typified by smaller-scale disturbances that do not eliminate all life and nutrients from the environment.
Increased niche development is the characteristic feature of Ecological succession.
Incorrect
Question 3 of 10
3. Question
2 points
Consider the following statements regarding Peatlands.
Peatlands are wetlands that contain mixture of decomposed organic material.
Peatlands often lack oxygen as they are partially submerged in layer of water.
If they are drained, their high carbon content makes them vulnerable to incineration.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct
Solution: d)
Peatlands are wetlands that contain a mixture of decomposed organic material, partially submerged in a layer of water, lacking oxygen. The complex biodiversity of peatlands means they are home to variety of species. Their high carbon content makes them uniquely vulnerable to incineration if they are drained.
They are globally important carbon store. The unregulated exploitation of peatlands can potentially
be detrimental to environment and to climate, as it could release carbon emissions that have been locked in for millennia.
Incorrect
Solution: d)
Peatlands are wetlands that contain a mixture of decomposed organic material, partially submerged in a layer of water, lacking oxygen. The complex biodiversity of peatlands means they are home to variety of species. Their high carbon content makes them uniquely vulnerable to incineration if they are drained.
They are globally important carbon store. The unregulated exploitation of peatlands can potentially
be detrimental to environment and to climate, as it could release carbon emissions that have been locked in for millennia.
Question 4 of 10
4. Question
2 points
Estuaries are among the most productive ecosystems in the world. What could be the possible reason?
0. Some estuaries forms an ecotone of freshwater and salty seawater.
1. Estuaries are not subject to disturbing forces like tides and waves.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct
Solution: a)
Estuaries and their surrounding wetlands are bodies of water usually found where rivers meet the sea.
Estuaries are home to unique plant and animal communities that have adapted to brackish water—a mixture of fresh water draining from the land and salty seawater.
An ecotone is a transition area between two biomes. It is where two communities meet and integrate.
It has some of the characteristics of each bordering biological community and often contains species not found in the overlapping communities.
For e.g. the mangrove forests represent an ecotone between marine and terrestrial ecosystem. Other examples are grassland (between forest and desert.)
Estuaries are subject both to marine influences—such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water—and to riverine influences—such as flows of fresh water and sediment.
The inflows of both sea water and fresh water provide high levels of nutrients both in the water column and in sediment, making estuaries among the most productive natural habitats in the world.
The banks of many estuaries are amongst the most heavily populated areas of the world
Incorrect
Solution: a)
Estuaries and their surrounding wetlands are bodies of water usually found where rivers meet the sea.
Estuaries are home to unique plant and animal communities that have adapted to brackish water—a mixture of fresh water draining from the land and salty seawater.
An ecotone is a transition area between two biomes. It is where two communities meet and integrate.
It has some of the characteristics of each bordering biological community and often contains species not found in the overlapping communities.
For e.g. the mangrove forests represent an ecotone between marine and terrestrial ecosystem. Other examples are grassland (between forest and desert.)
Estuaries are subject both to marine influences—such as tides, waves, and the influx of saline water—and to riverine influences—such as flows of fresh water and sediment.
The inflows of both sea water and fresh water provide high levels of nutrients both in the water column and in sediment, making estuaries among the most productive natural habitats in the world.
The banks of many estuaries are amongst the most heavily populated areas of the world
Question 5 of 10
5. Question
2 points
Inter-tidal zones support large mangrove population because
Correct
Solution: a)
The intertidal zone, also known as the foreshore and seashore and sometimes referred to as the littoral zone, is the area that is above water at low tide and under water at high tide.
Water is available regularly with the tides but varies from fresh with rain to highly saline and dry salt with drying between tidal inundations.
It is very rich in nutrients and hence supports the growth of Mangroves the best.
Incorrect
Solution: a)
The intertidal zone, also known as the foreshore and seashore and sometimes referred to as the littoral zone, is the area that is above water at low tide and under water at high tide.
Water is available regularly with the tides but varies from fresh with rain to highly saline and dry salt with drying between tidal inundations.
It is very rich in nutrients and hence supports the growth of Mangroves the best.
Question 6 of 10
6. Question
2 points
Consider the following statements.
1. Prabandhas – Composition by Alvars
2. Dravida Veda – Composition by Nayanars
3. Ashtadhyayi – Sanskrit treatise on grammar written by Kapila
Which of the above are correctly matched?
Correct
Solution: b)
Vaishnava poet-saints known as alvars (a Tamil word denoting those drowned in Vishnu-bhakti) preached single-minded devotion (ekatmika bhakti) for Vishnu and their songs were collectively known as prabandhas.
The Shaiva movement in the South flourished at the beginning through the activities of many of the 63 saints known in Tamil as Nayanars (Siva-bhakts). Their appealing emotional songs in Tamil were called Tevaram Stotras, also known as Dravida Veda and ceremonially sung in the local Shiva temples.
Ashtadhyayi – Sanskrit treatise on grammar written in the 6th to 5th century BCE by the Indian grammarian Panini.
Incorrect
Solution: b)
Vaishnava poet-saints known as alvars (a Tamil word denoting those drowned in Vishnu-bhakti) preached single-minded devotion (ekatmika bhakti) for Vishnu and their songs were collectively known as prabandhas.
The Shaiva movement in the South flourished at the beginning through the activities of many of the 63 saints known in Tamil as Nayanars (Siva-bhakts). Their appealing emotional songs in Tamil were called Tevaram Stotras, also known as Dravida Veda and ceremonially sung in the local Shiva temples.
Ashtadhyayi – Sanskrit treatise on grammar written in the 6th to 5th century BCE by the Indian grammarian Panini.
Question 7 of 10
7. Question
2 points
Consider the following statements regarding Indo-Islamic architecture in India.
0. Indo-Islamic structures were heavily influenced by the sensibilities of Indian architectural and decorative forms.
1. Indo-Islamic architecture introduced spaciousness and Massiveness in the architecture.
2. The Indo-Islamic architecture used more of human and animal figures.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct
Solution: a)
Indo-Islamic structures were heavily influenced by prevailing sensibilities of Indian architectural and decorative forms.
The Indo-Islamic architecture avoided the use of human and animal figures.
While the Hindu architecture had become too congested, the Indo-Islamic architecture introduced spaciousness, massiveness and breadth to it.
Incorrect
Solution: a)
Indo-Islamic structures were heavily influenced by prevailing sensibilities of Indian architectural and decorative forms.
The Indo-Islamic architecture avoided the use of human and animal figures.
While the Hindu architecture had become too congested, the Indo-Islamic architecture introduced spaciousness, massiveness and breadth to it.
Question 8 of 10
8. Question
2 points
Lapis lazuli is a rich blue semi-precious stone sometimes flecked with gold. In medieval India, it was used in ornaments and official seals. Where the stone was usually sourced from?
Correct
Solution: b)
The main source in the ancient world was the mountains of Badakshan, northern Afghanistan, from where it was traded widely.
Lapis lazuli was used as inlay in ornaments, jewellery, seals, etc Today mines in northeast Afghanistan and Pakistan are still the major source of lapis lazuli.
Important amounts are also produced from mines west of Lake Baikal in Russia, and in the Andes mountains in Chile.
Smaller quantities are mined in Italy, Mongolia, the United States and Canada. It was used by some of the most important artists of the Renaissance and Baroque, including Masaccio, Perugino, Titian and Vermeer.
Incorrect
Solution: b)
The main source in the ancient world was the mountains of Badakshan, northern Afghanistan, from where it was traded widely.
Lapis lazuli was used as inlay in ornaments, jewellery, seals, etc Today mines in northeast Afghanistan and Pakistan are still the major source of lapis lazuli.
Important amounts are also produced from mines west of Lake Baikal in Russia, and in the Andes mountains in Chile.
Smaller quantities are mined in Italy, Mongolia, the United States and Canada. It was used by some of the most important artists of the Renaissance and Baroque, including Masaccio, Perugino, Titian and Vermeer.
Question 9 of 10
9. Question
2 points
Sarais, a prominent feature during medieval India is
Correct
Solution: c)
Sarai: Dharamshala or a traveller’s lodge.
A hugely interesting feature of medieval India was the sarais which ringed cities and dotted the vast space of the Indian subcontinent. Sarais were largely built on a simple square or rectangular plan and were meant to provide temporary accommodation to Indian and foreign travellers, pilgrims, merchants, traders, etc. In effect, sarais were public domains which thronged with people of varied cultural backgrounds. This led to cross-cultural interaction, influences and syncretic tendencies in the cultural mores of the times and at the level of the people.
Incorrect
Solution: c)
Sarai: Dharamshala or a traveller’s lodge.
A hugely interesting feature of medieval India was the sarais which ringed cities and dotted the vast space of the Indian subcontinent. Sarais were largely built on a simple square or rectangular plan and were meant to provide temporary accommodation to Indian and foreign travellers, pilgrims, merchants, traders, etc. In effect, sarais were public domains which thronged with people of varied cultural backgrounds. This led to cross-cultural interaction, influences and syncretic tendencies in the cultural mores of the times and at the level of the people.
Question 10 of 10
10. Question
2 points
Consider the following statements regarding Padmanabhaswamy temple.
1. The Padmanabhaswamy temple is a Hindu temple located in Tamil Nadu.
2. The temple is built in an intricate fusion of the Chera style and the Dravidian style of architecture.
3. The main deity in the Padmanabhaswamy Temple is of Lord Vishnu in posture of eternal yogic sleep on the serpent Adi Shesha.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct
The Padmanabhaswamy temple is a Hindu temple located in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. The temple is built in an intricate fusion of the Chera style and the Dravidian style of architecture, featuring high walls, and a 16th-century gopura. The principal deity Padmanabhaswamy (Vishnu) is enshrined in the “Anantha Shayana” posture, the eternal yogic sleep on the serpent Adi Shesha. Padmanabhaswamy is the tutelary deity of the royal family of Travancore.
Incorrect
The Padmanabhaswamy temple is a Hindu temple located in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. The temple is built in an intricate fusion of the Chera style and the Dravidian style of architecture, featuring high walls, and a 16th-century gopura. The principal deity Padmanabhaswamy (Vishnu) is enshrined in the “Anantha Shayana” posture, the eternal yogic sleep on the serpent Adi Shesha. Padmanabhaswamy is the tutelary deity of the royal family of Travancore.