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Question 1 of 5
1. Question
2 points
Consider the following statement
1.Biomining is a process to extract minerals from rock ores with the help of certain microorganisms.
2.Biodilution is a process that uses microorganisms to dilute the effect of pollution.
3. Bioaugmentation is an ex situ bioremediation technique by importing micro-organism that are imported to a contaminated site.
Which of the statements given above is/are not correct?
Correct
• Option B is correct.
• Biomining is the process of using microorganisms (microbes) to extract metals of economic interest from rock ores or mine waste. Biomining techniques may also be used to clean up sites that have been polluted with metals. Hence,statement 1 is correct.
• Process of biodilution is the decrease in concentration of a substance (especially pollutants, like heavy metals) with an increase in trophic level in the food chain. This phenomenon is observed mostly in eutrophic (nutrient-rich and highly productive) water environments. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
• Bioaugmentation: Micro-organism are imported to a contaminated site to enhance the degradation process.It is a process of in situ bioremediation. Bioremediation is the use of microbial species to clean up soil and groundwater that has been contaminated by discharged chemicals. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.
Incorrect
• Option B is correct.
• Biomining is the process of using microorganisms (microbes) to extract metals of economic interest from rock ores or mine waste. Biomining techniques may also be used to clean up sites that have been polluted with metals. Hence,statement 1 is correct.
• Process of biodilution is the decrease in concentration of a substance (especially pollutants, like heavy metals) with an increase in trophic level in the food chain. This phenomenon is observed mostly in eutrophic (nutrient-rich and highly productive) water environments. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
• Bioaugmentation: Micro-organism are imported to a contaminated site to enhance the degradation process.It is a process of in situ bioremediation. Bioremediation is the use of microbial species to clean up soil and groundwater that has been contaminated by discharged chemicals. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.
Question 2 of 5
2. Question
2 points
Which of the following species are extinct?
1. Passenger Pigeon
2. Sunda Island Tiger
3. Pyrenean Ibex
4. Dodo
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Correct
Option C is correct. Passenger Pigeon, Pyrenean Ibex and Dodo are extinct. Sunda Island Tiger is critically endangered.
• Native to North America, the Passenger or Wild Pigeon has been extinct since the early 20th century. It is estimated that between 3 and 5 billion Passenger Pigeons inhabited the US when Europeans arrived in North America, but their settlement led to mass deforestation resulting in habitat loss and a reduction in the bird population.The Passenger Pigeon died out in the wild by around 1900, with the last known individual dying in captivity in 1914.
• Dodo is an extinct flightless bird that inhabited Mauritius, the Dodo was about one metre tall and may have weighed 10–18 kg. The only account we have of the Dodo’s appearance is through varied illustrations and written accounts from the 17th century so its exact appearance remains unresolved. It is presumed the bird became flightless due to the availability of abundant food sources (seeds, roots and fallen fruits) and a relative absence of predators.
• The Sunda Island tiger, or the Sumatran tiger, is the smallest tiger subspecies in the world, weighing up to 140kg. For reference, the tigers that live in the Amur region are the biggest of all the big cats where males can weigh up to twice as much as Sunda Island tigers. They are also very rare – there are estimated to be around 600 in the wild, and are only found on the Indonesian island of Sumatra.
• Pyrenean Ibex is one of four subspecies of the Spanish Ibex or Iberian Goat that was found in the Iberian Peninsula. The Ibex would grow to a height of 60-76cm at the shoulder and weigh 24-80 kg and fed mainly on grasses and herbs. They were thought to have numbered 50,000 historically, but by the early 1900s its numbers had fallen to fewer than 100. The exact cause of the Pyrenean Ibex’s extinction is unknown; scientists believe factors included poaching and the inability to compete with other mammals for food and habitat. The last Pyrenean Ibex was killed by a falling tree in northern Spain in 2000.
Incorrect
Option C is correct. Passenger Pigeon, Pyrenean Ibex and Dodo are extinct. Sunda Island Tiger is critically endangered.
• Native to North America, the Passenger or Wild Pigeon has been extinct since the early 20th century. It is estimated that between 3 and 5 billion Passenger Pigeons inhabited the US when Europeans arrived in North America, but their settlement led to mass deforestation resulting in habitat loss and a reduction in the bird population.The Passenger Pigeon died out in the wild by around 1900, with the last known individual dying in captivity in 1914.
• Dodo is an extinct flightless bird that inhabited Mauritius, the Dodo was about one metre tall and may have weighed 10–18 kg. The only account we have of the Dodo’s appearance is through varied illustrations and written accounts from the 17th century so its exact appearance remains unresolved. It is presumed the bird became flightless due to the availability of abundant food sources (seeds, roots and fallen fruits) and a relative absence of predators.
• The Sunda Island tiger, or the Sumatran tiger, is the smallest tiger subspecies in the world, weighing up to 140kg. For reference, the tigers that live in the Amur region are the biggest of all the big cats where males can weigh up to twice as much as Sunda Island tigers. They are also very rare – there are estimated to be around 600 in the wild, and are only found on the Indonesian island of Sumatra.
• Pyrenean Ibex is one of four subspecies of the Spanish Ibex or Iberian Goat that was found in the Iberian Peninsula. The Ibex would grow to a height of 60-76cm at the shoulder and weigh 24-80 kg and fed mainly on grasses and herbs. They were thought to have numbered 50,000 historically, but by the early 1900s its numbers had fallen to fewer than 100. The exact cause of the Pyrenean Ibex’s extinction is unknown; scientists believe factors included poaching and the inability to compete with other mammals for food and habitat. The last Pyrenean Ibex was killed by a falling tree in northern Spain in 2000.
Question 3 of 5
3. Question
2 points
Which of the following statements are correct regarding the Marine Heatwaves?
1. They occur when sea surface temperatures rise and stay above the expected seasonal temperatures for at least five days in a row.
2. They can occur only in the summer season.
3. They enhance dissolved oxygen in the ocean leading to higher biodiversity.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Correct
Option A is correct.
• A marine heatwave occurs when seawater temperatures reach a seasonally variable threshold for at least 5 days in a row. Heatwaves that occur within two days of each other are considered to be part of the same event. Hence,statement 1 is correct.
• Heatwaves can occur in both the summer and the winter, when they are referred to as “winter warm-spells.” These winter occurrences can have serious repercussions, such as in Australia’s southeast, where the spiny sea urchin can only colonize farther south when winter temperatures top 12 °C. Hence,statement 2 is incorrect.
• Marine heat waves affect ecosystem structure, by supporting certain species and suppressing others.It has been associated with the mass mortality of marine invertebrates, and may force species to change behavior in a way that puts wildlife at increased risk of harm.Biodiversity can be drastically affected by marine heatwaves. Marine Heatwaves not only further damage habitats, but also increase the risk of deoxygenation and acidification.Hence,statement 3 is incorrect.
Incorrect
Option A is correct.
• A marine heatwave occurs when seawater temperatures reach a seasonally variable threshold for at least 5 days in a row. Heatwaves that occur within two days of each other are considered to be part of the same event. Hence,statement 1 is correct.
• Heatwaves can occur in both the summer and the winter, when they are referred to as “winter warm-spells.” These winter occurrences can have serious repercussions, such as in Australia’s southeast, where the spiny sea urchin can only colonize farther south when winter temperatures top 12 °C. Hence,statement 2 is incorrect.
• Marine heat waves affect ecosystem structure, by supporting certain species and suppressing others.It has been associated with the mass mortality of marine invertebrates, and may force species to change behavior in a way that puts wildlife at increased risk of harm.Biodiversity can be drastically affected by marine heatwaves. Marine Heatwaves not only further damage habitats, but also increase the risk of deoxygenation and acidification.Hence,statement 3 is incorrect.
Question 4 of 5
4. Question
2 points
Consider the following statements about Hope Spots:
1. Hope Spots network is an initiative of the Conservation International and Greenpeace.
2. It is an area on land where there is still hope to recolonise locally extinct species.
3. Lakshadweep and Andaman Nicobar Islands are the only hope spots in India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct
Option B is correct.
• “Hope spots” is the initiative of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and Mission Blue, an organization involved in the study of oceans. Hence,statement 1 is incorrect.
• A hope spot is an area of an ocean that needs special protection because of its wildlife and significant underwater habitats.Hence,statement 2 is incorrect.
• The two groups of islands,Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep islands considered extremely rich in marine biodiversity, are the first places in India to have been added in the list of 50 global ‘hope spots’. Hence,statement 3 is correct.
Incorrect
Option B is correct.
• “Hope spots” is the initiative of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and Mission Blue, an organization involved in the study of oceans. Hence,statement 1 is incorrect.
• A hope spot is an area of an ocean that needs special protection because of its wildlife and significant underwater habitats.Hence,statement 2 is incorrect.
• The two groups of islands,Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep islands considered extremely rich in marine biodiversity, are the first places in India to have been added in the list of 50 global ‘hope spots’. Hence,statement 3 is correct.
Question 5 of 5
5. Question
2 points
Which of the following statements about Permafrost are correct?
1. Permafrost is any ground that remains completely frozen—32°F (0°C) or colder—for at least five years straight.
2. These permanently frozen grounds are most common in regions with high mountains and in Earth’s higher latitudes—near the North and South Poles.
3. Although the ground is frozen, permafrost regions are not always covered in snow.
Which of the statements above is/are correct?
Correct
Correct Answer: C
Explanation
• Option C is correct. Statements 2 and 3 are correct while statement 1 is incorrect. Permafrost is any ground that remains completely frozen—32°F (0°C) or colder—for at least two years straight. These permanently frozen grounds are most common in regions with high mountains and in Earth’s higher latitudes—near the North and South Poles Permafrost covers large regions of the Earth. Almost a quarter of the land area in the Northern Hemisphere has permafrost underneath. Although the ground is frozen, permafrost regions are not always covered in snow.
Incorrect
Correct Answer: C
Explanation
• Option C is correct. Statements 2 and 3 are correct while statement 1 is incorrect. Permafrost is any ground that remains completely frozen—32°F (0°C) or colder—for at least two years straight. These permanently frozen grounds are most common in regions with high mountains and in Earth’s higher latitudes—near the North and South Poles Permafrost covers large regions of the Earth. Almost a quarter of the land area in the Northern Hemisphere has permafrost underneath. Although the ground is frozen, permafrost regions are not always covered in snow.
