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Question 1 of 10
1. Question
2 points
Consider the following statements:
1. Both National Parks and Wildlife sanctuaries are species oriented.
2. Biosphere Reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems formed according to the
guidelines of the Wildlife (protection) Act, 1972.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct
Correct Answer: D
Explanation
• Both the statements are incorrect.
• The objective of the formation of National Parks and wildlife sanctuaries are different. National Park is associated with the habitat of wild animal species like rhino, tiger, lion etc. The wildlife sanctuaries are species oriented as pitcher plant, Great Indian Bustard etc. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Biosphere Reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems which are internationally recognized within the framework of the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) programme of the UNESCO and are not formed according to the guidelines of the Wildlife (protection) Act, 1972 and may have one more national parks or wildlife sanctuaries in it.
• Under the MAB programme there is a World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) and within this network, exchange of information, experience and personnel is allowed. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
Incorrect
Correct Answer: D
Explanation
• Both the statements are incorrect.
• The objective of the formation of National Parks and wildlife sanctuaries are different. National Park is associated with the habitat of wild animal species like rhino, tiger, lion etc. The wildlife sanctuaries are species oriented as pitcher plant, Great Indian Bustard etc. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Biosphere Reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems which are internationally recognized within the framework of the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) programme of the UNESCO and are not formed according to the guidelines of the Wildlife (protection) Act, 1972 and may have one more national parks or wildlife sanctuaries in it.
• Under the MAB programme there is a World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) and within this network, exchange of information, experience and personnel is allowed. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
Question 2 of 10
2. Question
2 points
Which one of the following schedules of the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 specifies the plant species to be protected?
Correct
Correct Answer: C
Explanation
• Option C is correct.
• The schedule VI of the Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 contains the plants, which are prohibited from cultivation and planting. Hence, option C is correct.
• This schedule was added through the Amendment Act of 1991.
• Licence from Chief Wild Life Warden is required for dealing in specified plants. Thus, cultivation also requires a licence. These plants are as follows:
1. Beddomes’ cycad (Cycas beddomei)
2. Blue Vanda (Vanda soerulec)
3. Kuth (Saussurea lappa)
4. Ladies slipper orchids (Paphiopedilum spp.)
5. Pitcher plant (Nepenthes khasiana)
6. Red Vanda (Rananthera imschootiana)
Incorrect
Correct Answer: C
Explanation
• Option C is correct.
• The schedule VI of the Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 contains the plants, which are prohibited from cultivation and planting. Hence, option C is correct.
• This schedule was added through the Amendment Act of 1991.
• Licence from Chief Wild Life Warden is required for dealing in specified plants. Thus, cultivation also requires a licence. These plants are as follows:
1. Beddomes’ cycad (Cycas beddomei)
2. Blue Vanda (Vanda soerulec)
3. Kuth (Saussurea lappa)
4. Ladies slipper orchids (Paphiopedilum spp.)
5. Pitcher plant (Nepenthes khasiana)
6. Red Vanda (Rananthera imschootiana)
Question 3 of 10
3. Question
2 points
Which one of the following correctly describes the term ‘ecological balance’?
Correct
Correct Answer: D
Explanation
• Ecological balance is a state of dynamic equilibrium within a community of organisms in a habitat or ecosystem. It can happen when the diversity of the living organisms remains relatively stable. Gradual changes do take place but that happens only through natural succession.
• A stable balance in the numbers of each species in an ecosystem occurs through competition and cooperation between different organisms where population remains stable. This balance is brought about by the fact that certain species compete with one another determined by the environment in which they grow. This balance is also attained by the fact that some species depend on others for their food and sustenance.
Incorrect
Correct Answer: D
Explanation
• Ecological balance is a state of dynamic equilibrium within a community of organisms in a habitat or ecosystem. It can happen when the diversity of the living organisms remains relatively stable. Gradual changes do take place but that happens only through natural succession.
• A stable balance in the numbers of each species in an ecosystem occurs through competition and cooperation between different organisms where population remains stable. This balance is brought about by the fact that certain species compete with one another determined by the environment in which they grow. This balance is also attained by the fact that some species depend on others for their food and sustenance.
Question 4 of 10
4. Question
2 points
Consider the following components:
1. Adaptation
2. Inheritence
3. Variation
4. Differential survival and reproductionWhich of the above is/are components of the Darwin’s Process of Natural Selection?
Correct
Correct Answer: C
Explanation
Adaptation is not a part of it hence, option1 is INCORRECT, and options 2, 3 and 4 are CORRECT. natural selection is one of the basic mechanisms of evolution, along with mutation, migration, and genetic drift. Charles Darwin popularised the term “natural selection”, contrasting it with artificial selection.
Darwin’s process of natural selection has four components
1. Variation: Organisms (within populations) exhibit individual variation in appearance and behavior. These variations may involve body size, hair color, facial markings, voice properties, or number of offspring
2. Inheritence: Some traits are consistently passed on from parent to offspring. Such traits are heritable, whereas other traits are strongly influenced by environmental conditions and show weak heritability.
3. High rate of population growth: Most populations have more offspring each year than local resources can support leading to a struggle for resources.
4. Differential survival and reproduction: – Individuals possessing traits well suited for the struggle for local resources will contribute more offspring to the next generation.
Incorrect
Correct Answer: C
Explanation
Adaptation is not a part of it hence, option1 is INCORRECT, and options 2, 3 and 4 are CORRECT. natural selection is one of the basic mechanisms of evolution, along with mutation, migration, and genetic drift. Charles Darwin popularised the term “natural selection”, contrasting it with artificial selection.
Darwin’s process of natural selection has four components
1. Variation: Organisms (within populations) exhibit individual variation in appearance and behavior. These variations may involve body size, hair color, facial markings, voice properties, or number of offspring
2. Inheritence: Some traits are consistently passed on from parent to offspring. Such traits are heritable, whereas other traits are strongly influenced by environmental conditions and show weak heritability.
3. High rate of population growth: Most populations have more offspring each year than local resources can support leading to a struggle for resources.
4. Differential survival and reproduction: – Individuals possessing traits well suited for the struggle for local resources will contribute more offspring to the next generation.
Question 5 of 10
5. Question
2 points
Which of the following best describes the Ecosystem?
Correct
Correct Answer: B
Explanation
Option B is the correct answer.
Environment: The environment is the totality of all the external conditions affecting the life, development and survival of an organism.
Ecosystem: A system formed by interaction of all living organisms with each other and with the physical and chemical factors of the environment where they live.
Ecology: “Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment; it seeks to understand the vital connections between plants and animals and the world around them.
Biome: Very large area of planet classified by plants and animals living together.
Habitat: The place where an organism such as plan or animal makes his home is called habitat.
Incorrect
Correct Answer: B
Explanation
Option B is the correct answer.
Environment: The environment is the totality of all the external conditions affecting the life, development and survival of an organism.
Ecosystem: A system formed by interaction of all living organisms with each other and with the physical and chemical factors of the environment where they live.
Ecology: “Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment; it seeks to understand the vital connections between plants and animals and the world around them.
Biome: Very large area of planet classified by plants and animals living together.
Habitat: The place where an organism such as plan or animal makes his home is called habitat.
Question 6 of 10
6. Question
2 points
Consider the following pairs:
(Interaction type & Impact on Species)
1. Commensalism: One is inhibited and the other is unaffected.
2. Amensalism: One organism benefits and one does not benefit but is unharmed.
3. Predation: Behavior of one animal feeding on another.
How many pairs given above are correctly matched?
Correct
Correct Answer: B
Explanation
Pairs 1 and 2 are incorrectly matched. Pair 3 is correctly matched. Competition —when two or more organisms rely on the same environmental resource
Predation – behavior of one animal feeding on another.
Symbiosis – the close relationship of two dissimilar organisms.
Mutualism – a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit.
Commensalism – a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and one does not benefit but is unharmed.
Incorrect
Correct Answer: B
Explanation
Pairs 1 and 2 are incorrectly matched. Pair 3 is correctly matched. Competition —when two or more organisms rely on the same environmental resource
Predation – behavior of one animal feeding on another.
Symbiosis – the close relationship of two dissimilar organisms.
Mutualism – a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit.
Commensalism – a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and one does not benefit but is unharmed.
Question 7 of 10
7. Question
2 points
Which of the following statements is/are correct about Methane?
1. Methane is the principal component of coal, about 87% by volume.
2. Compared with carbon dioxide, it has a high global warming potential.
3. It has a net lifetime of about 10 years.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct
Correct Answer: C
Explanation
• Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
• Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH4. It is the simplest alkane, and the principal component of natural gas, about 87% by volume. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Methane is a relatively potent greenhouse gas. Compared with carbon dioxide, it has a high global warming potential of 72 (calculated over a period of 20 years) or 25 (for a time period of 100 years). Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Methane has a net lifetime of about 10 years; it also affects the degradation of the ozone layer. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• Methane is used for illuminating and domestic fuel and also for the production of other organic compounds such as haloalkanes, methanol, formaldehyde and acetylene.
• Coal is a fossil fuel. In ancient times, coal has been formed millions of years after the big trees and plants were buried in the earth. Due to high pressure and high temperature inside the earth, coal was slowly formed from the plant. This coal is hard and black solid. It mainly consists of carbon. Apart from carbon, it also contains many other compound substances.
Incorrect
Correct Answer: C
Explanation
• Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 is incorrect.
• Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH4. It is the simplest alkane, and the principal component of natural gas, about 87% by volume. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Methane is a relatively potent greenhouse gas. Compared with carbon dioxide, it has a high global warming potential of 72 (calculated over a period of 20 years) or 25 (for a time period of 100 years). Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Methane has a net lifetime of about 10 years; it also affects the degradation of the ozone layer. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• Methane is used for illuminating and domestic fuel and also for the production of other organic compounds such as haloalkanes, methanol, formaldehyde and acetylene.
• Coal is a fossil fuel. In ancient times, coal has been formed millions of years after the big trees and plants were buried in the earth. Due to high pressure and high temperature inside the earth, coal was slowly formed from the plant. This coal is hard and black solid. It mainly consists of carbon. Apart from carbon, it also contains many other compound substances.
Question 8 of 10
8. Question
2 points
Which of the following statements best describes “Green Chemistry”?
Correct
Correct Answer: C
Explanation
• Option C is correct.
• Green chemistry is a science-based philosophy of designing chemicals, products, and processes with the intention of making them less hazardous and more sustainable. It applies to the life cycle of a product, from creation to disposal.
• When put into practice, green chemistry can:
1. Prevent pollution at the source by making safer chemicals.
2. Reduce or eliminate the use of toxic chemicals—which protects workers, consumers, and the environment.
3. Reduce energy and material use, while increasing use of renewable materials. Examples of green chemistry innovations:
• Some manufacturers use supercritical carbon dioxide or water to remove caffeine from coffee beans. These decaffeination methods are much safer than solvents like benzene, which manufacturers used to use, or methylene chloride, which some manufacturers still use.
• Packing peanuts made from starch are an alternative to polystyrene packing peanuts. Unlike polystyrene, which comes from oil, starch peanuts are made from renewable plant starch. Instead of going into the trash, starch peanuts can be composted after use. Starch is also much less hazardous than styrene.
• Scientists can also copy natural processes to create new innovations, an approach called biomimicry. For example, researchers can study how mussels and barnacles attach to wet rocks in order to develop new, safer adhesives for surgery and other uses.
Incorrect
Correct Answer: C
Explanation
• Option C is correct.
• Green chemistry is a science-based philosophy of designing chemicals, products, and processes with the intention of making them less hazardous and more sustainable. It applies to the life cycle of a product, from creation to disposal.
• When put into practice, green chemistry can:
1. Prevent pollution at the source by making safer chemicals.
2. Reduce or eliminate the use of toxic chemicals—which protects workers, consumers, and the environment.
3. Reduce energy and material use, while increasing use of renewable materials. Examples of green chemistry innovations:
• Some manufacturers use supercritical carbon dioxide or water to remove caffeine from coffee beans. These decaffeination methods are much safer than solvents like benzene, which manufacturers used to use, or methylene chloride, which some manufacturers still use.
• Packing peanuts made from starch are an alternative to polystyrene packing peanuts. Unlike polystyrene, which comes from oil, starch peanuts are made from renewable plant starch. Instead of going into the trash, starch peanuts can be composted after use. Starch is also much less hazardous than styrene.
• Scientists can also copy natural processes to create new innovations, an approach called biomimicry. For example, researchers can study how mussels and barnacles attach to wet rocks in order to develop new, safer adhesives for surgery and other uses.
Question 9 of 10
9. Question
2 points
Which of the following best describes the term ‘Ecotone’?
Correct
Correct Answer: D
Explanation
Option D is correct. Ecocline: A gradation from one ecosystem to another when there is no sharp boundary between the two. It is the joint expression of associated community (coenocline) and complex environmental gradients.
Ecotone: An ecotone is a transition area between two biomes. It is where two communities meet and integrate. It may be narrow or wide, and it may be local (the zone between a field and forest) or regional (the transition between forest and grassland ecosystems).
Ecotype: In evolutionary ecology, an ecotype, sometimes called ecospecies, describes a genetically distinct geographic variety, population or race within a species, which is adapted to specific environmental conditions. They typically show morphological differences. An ecological niche is the role and position a species has in its environment; how it meets its needs for food and shelter, how it survives, and how it reproduces. A species’ niche includes all of its interactions with the biotic and abiotic factors of its environment. No two species have identical niches.
Incorrect
Correct Answer: D
Explanation
Option D is correct. Ecocline: A gradation from one ecosystem to another when there is no sharp boundary between the two. It is the joint expression of associated community (coenocline) and complex environmental gradients.
Ecotone: An ecotone is a transition area between two biomes. It is where two communities meet and integrate. It may be narrow or wide, and it may be local (the zone between a field and forest) or regional (the transition between forest and grassland ecosystems).
Ecotype: In evolutionary ecology, an ecotype, sometimes called ecospecies, describes a genetically distinct geographic variety, population or race within a species, which is adapted to specific environmental conditions. They typically show morphological differences. An ecological niche is the role and position a species has in its environment; how it meets its needs for food and shelter, how it survives, and how it reproduces. A species’ niche includes all of its interactions with the biotic and abiotic factors of its environment. No two species have identical niches.
Question 10 of 10
10. Question
2 points
Which of the following are benefits resulting from phasing out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)?
1. Reduced health risks
2. Pollution prevention
3. Protection of the Ozone layer
4. Energy savings
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Correct
Correct Answer: D
Explanation
• All the options are correct.
• Protection of the Ozone Layer: The phasing out of CFCs will help tremendously in the recovery of the ozone layer. As a result of the phasing out, lesser amounts of CFCs will accumulate in the atmosphere, thereby leading to the less depletion of ozone. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• Reduced Health Risks: The phase out of CFCs will have a positive impact on health risks posed by the depleting of the ozone layer. These health benefits include reduced incidence of skin cancer and cataracts, decreased risks to human immune systems, and increased protection of plant and animal life from excessive UV exposure. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• A United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) study shows that a sustained 1 percent decrease in stratospheric ozone will result in about a 2 percent increase in the incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer, which can be fatal. With the successful phase out of CFCs, fewer instances of this fatal cancer are expected.
• New Technologies: Phasing out of CFCs is prompting research and development of alternative technologies specially for cleaning applications in electronic assemblies and precision parts.
• Energy Savings: As a consequence of CFC phase out, there has been considerable effort in many countries to develop and invest in a new generation of energy efficient air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment. This also impacts positively on global warming and climate change. Hence, statement 4 is correct.
• Pollution Prevention: The energy savings from equipment upgrades mean that less fossil fuel are burned at the power plant, leading to reduced emissions of air pollutants including carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). These pollutants are responsible for global warming and acid rain. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Incorrect
Correct Answer: D
Explanation
• All the options are correct.
• Protection of the Ozone Layer: The phasing out of CFCs will help tremendously in the recovery of the ozone layer. As a result of the phasing out, lesser amounts of CFCs will accumulate in the atmosphere, thereby leading to the less depletion of ozone. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• Reduced Health Risks: The phase out of CFCs will have a positive impact on health risks posed by the depleting of the ozone layer. These health benefits include reduced incidence of skin cancer and cataracts, decreased risks to human immune systems, and increased protection of plant and animal life from excessive UV exposure. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• A United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) study shows that a sustained 1 percent decrease in stratospheric ozone will result in about a 2 percent increase in the incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer, which can be fatal. With the successful phase out of CFCs, fewer instances of this fatal cancer are expected.
• New Technologies: Phasing out of CFCs is prompting research and development of alternative technologies specially for cleaning applications in electronic assemblies and precision parts.
• Energy Savings: As a consequence of CFC phase out, there has been considerable effort in many countries to develop and invest in a new generation of energy efficient air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment. This also impacts positively on global warming and climate change. Hence, statement 4 is correct.
• Pollution Prevention: The energy savings from equipment upgrades mean that less fossil fuel are burned at the power plant, leading to reduced emissions of air pollutants including carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). These pollutants are responsible for global warming and acid rain. Hence, statement 2 is correct.