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Question 1 of 10
1. Question
2 points
Which of the following vulture’s species of India are listed as Critically Endangered under IUCN red list?
1. White-rumped Vulture
2. Himalayan Griffon
3. Red-headed Vulture
4. Slender-billed Vulture
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Correct
Correct Answer: B
Explanation
Critically Endangered Vultures in India
1. White-rumped Vulture
2. Red-headed Vulture
3. Slender-billed Vulture
4. Indian Vulture
Himalayan griffon is Near Threatened. Hence statement 2 is INCORRECT.
Incorrect
Question 2 of 10
2. Question
2 points
With the reference to the Aerosols, consider the following statements:
1. These are suspended particles of solid and liquid in gaseous or liquid environment.
2. They are not found in the stratosphere.
3. They help in the formation of the Clouds.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct
Correct Answer: A
Explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. Aerosols are defined as a combination of liquid or solid particles suspended in a gaseous or liquid environment. Hence statement 1 is CORRECT. These particles are mainly situated in the low layers of the atmosphere. However, certain aerosols can still be found in the stratosphere. Hence statement 2 is INCORRECT. They affect the visibility; health and they serve as nuclei for cloud droplets or ice crystals in ice clouds. Hence statement 3 is CORRECT.
Incorrect
Question 3 of 10
3. Question
2 points
Consider the following statements:
1. Biodiversity increases as we move from the poles towards the equator.
2. The Western Ghats have more endemic species than the northeast.
3. Among animals, birds are the most species-rich taxonomic group making up more than 70 per cent of the total.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Correct
Correct Answer: A
Explanation
• Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is incorrect.
• Biodiversity increases as we move from the poles towards the equator. India is located between 8°4′ North and 37°6′ North latitudes and 68°7′ East and 97°25′ East longitude. Due to this position, India has such rich biodiversity. Although India has only 2.42% of the world’s land area but its contribution to the world’s biodiversity is approximately 8% of the total number of species which is estimated to be 1.75 million (As per Global Biodiversity Assessment of UNEP of 1995). 6% of the world species are found in India. 45000 plants species comprising about 12 % of world’s flora are found in Indian forests. Two of the twelve biodiversity hotspots in the world are in India. They are the North-Eastern region and the Western Ghats. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Tropical rainforests occur in areas by having high temperature and high humidity and receives above 200 cm of rainfall per year. Soil is rich in humus. Hence, these forests have a very rich biodiversity e.g. Brazilian tropical rain forests have more than 300 species of trees in an area of 200 square kilometer.
• Biodiversity, as measured by the numbers of plant and vertebrate species is greatest in the Western Ghats and the northeast. This is because of the presence of tropical rainforests that are typically the richest habitats for species diversity. Both these areas are included in the world’s list of hotspots of biodiversity: small geographic areas with high species diversity. Of the two, the Western Ghats have more endemic species, those that are found nowhere else. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• More than 70 per cent of all the species recorded are animals, while plants (including algae, fungi, bryophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms) comprise no more than 22per cent of the total. Among animals, insects are the most species-rich taxonomic group, making up more than 70 per cent of the total. That means, out of every 10 animals on this planet, 7 are insects. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
Incorrect
Question 4 of 10
4. Question
2 points
Which of the following are the uses of Algae?
1. Food supplements
2. Biofuel production
3. Carbon dioxide fixation
4. Purification of wastewater
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Correct
Correct Answer: D
Explanation
• All of the options are correct.
• Algae are a diverse group of aquatic organisms that have the ability to conduct photosynthesis. Certain algae are familiar to most people; for instance, seaweeds (such as kelp or phytoplankton), pond scum or the algal blooms in lakes. However, there exists a vast and varied world of algae that are not only helpful to us, but are critical to our existence.
• Algae is commercially cultivated for Pharmaceuticals, Nutraceuticals, Cosmetics and Aquaculture purpose. Humans use algae as food, for production of useful compounds, as biofilters to remove nutrients and other pollutants from wastewaters, to assay water quality, as indicators of environmental change, in space technology, and as laboratory research systems.
1. Carbon Dioxide Fixation: Like any other plant, algae, when grown using sunlight, consume (or absorb) carbon dioxide (CO2) as they grow, releasing oxygen (O2). For high productivity, algae require more CO2, which can be supplied by emissions sources such as power plants, ethanol facilities, and other sources.
2. Food Supplements: Algae are national foods of many nations: China consumes more than 70 species, including fat choy, a cyanobacterium considered a vegetable; Japan, over 20 species; Ireland, dulse; Chile, cochayuyo. Laver is used to make “laver bread” in Wales where it is known as bara lawr; in Korea, gim; in Japan, nori and aonori. It is also used along the west coast of North America from California to British Columbia, in Hawaii and by the Māori of New Zealand.
3. Bio-fuel & Oil extraction: Algae can be used to make Biodiesel (see algaculture), Bioethanol and biobutanol and can produce vastly superior amounts of vegetable oil, compared to terrestrial crops grown for the same purpose.
4. Purification of wastewater: Algae thrive in nutrient-rich waters like municipal waste waters (sewage), animal wastes and some industrial effluents, at the same time purifying these wastes while producing a biomass suitable for biofuels production.
Incorrect
Question 5 of 10
5. Question
2 points
Consider the following statements regarding Ammonia:
1. Ammonia is a colourless and odourless gas.
2. Agriculture is the largest source for Ammonia.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct
Correct Answer: B
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is correct.
Ammonia is a colourless, poisonous gas with a familiar noxious odour. It is prominent constituent of the nitrogen cycle that adversely affects ecosystems at higher concentrations. Statement 2 is correct. The largest source of NH3 emissions is agriculture, including animal husbandry and NH3-based fertilizer applications. Other sources of NH3 include industrial processes, vehicular emissions, volatilization from soils and oceans, decomposition of organic waste, forest fires, animal and human waste, nitrogen fixation processes. It is used as an industrial chemical in the production of fertilisers, plastics, synthetic fibres, dyes and other products.
Incorrect
Question 6 of 10
6. Question
2 points
Which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. Primary succession is always faster than secondary succession.
2. The efficiency of nutrient cycling will increase as succession proceeds towards stability.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Correct
Correct Answer: B
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. The gradual and fairly predictable change in the species composition of a given area is called ecological succession. During succession some species colonise an area and their populations become more numerous, whereas populations of other species decline and even disappear. Statement 1 is incorrect. Succession is a process that starts where no living organisms are there – these could be areas where no living organisms ever existed, say bare rock; or in areas that somehow, lost all the living organisms that existed there. The former is called primary succession, while the latter is termed secondary succession. Statement 2 is correct. As succession takes place, more nutrients will be cycled and held in the standing crop and the efficiency if cycling of nutrients enhanced as succession proceeds for stability. This will be largely due to the increase in complexity of the system through time. The species number will increase through early stages, leading to the development of food chains and food webs.
Incorrect
Question 7 of 10
7. Question
2 points
Consider the following statements regarding Environment protection act 1986:
1. It was enacted to implement the decisions of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment.
2. The act does not concentrate on forming an authority for environmental conservation but it helps in coordination among stakeholders.
3. The act has defined environment and other key term under it.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct
Correct Answer: B
Explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is incorrect. In the wake of the Bhopal Tragedy, the Government of India enacted the Environment Protection Act of 1986 under Article 253 of the Constitution. Statement 1 is correct. The purpose of the Act is to implement the decisions of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. Statement 2 is incorrect. One of its many objectives is to provide for the creation of an authority or authorities for environmental protection. Statement 3 is correct. Section 2 of the EPA deals with some definitions, for example:
• Section 2 (a) “Environment” includes water, air, and land and the interrelationship that exists among and between water, air and land and human beings, other living creatures, plants, microorganism and property. This definition is not exhaustive but an inclusive one.
• Section 2 (b) “Environmental Pollutant” means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance present in such concentration as may be, or tend to be injurious to the environment.
• Section 2 (c) “Environmental Pollution” means the presence in the environment of any environmental pollutant. This implies the imbalance in environment. The materials or substances when after mixing in air, water or land alters their properties in such manner, that the very use of all or any of the air water and land by man and any other living organism becomes lethal and dangerous for health.
Incorrect
Question 8 of 10
8. Question
2 points
Consider the following pollutants:
1. Nitrogen dioxide
2. Sulphur dioxide
3. Ozone
4. Particulate matters
Which of the above is/are secondary pollutants?
Correct
Correct Answer: D
Explanation
• Options 1 and 3 are correct. Options 2 and 4 are incorrect.
• Primary pollutants are substances that are released into the atmosphere directly from the polluting source, and are mostly derived from the combustion of fossil fuels. The source can be either a natural process such as sandstorms and volcanic eruptions or anthropogenic (influenced by humans) such as industrial and vehicle emissions.
• Secondary pollutants are formed in the atmosphere from chemical changes to primary pollutants. Nitric oxide (NO) produced from vehicle engines is quickly converted to nitrogen dioxide, and in doing so may react with ozone, reducing the atmospheric concentration of the latter.
• Statements 2 and 4 are incorrect. Examples of primary pollutants include sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM).
• Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Examples of a secondary pollutant include ozone, which is formed when hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) combine in the presence of sunlight; NO2, which is formed as NO combines with oxygen in the air; and acid rain, which is formed when sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides react with water.
Incorrect
Question 9 of 10
9. Question
2 points
Which of the following are characteristics of human modified ecosystems?
1. Food chains are complex
2. Attract very less number of weeds
3. More susceptible to epidemic diseases
4. Suffer from soil erosion
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Correct
Correct Answer: C
Explanation
• Option C is correct.
• Characteristics of human modified ecosystems:
1. Highly simplified.
2. Species diversity is very low.
3. Food chains are simple and small. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
4. Depend on human (anthropogenic) support for survival; need for fossil fuel energy, fertilizers, irrigation etc.
5. Attract large number of weeds. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
6. More susceptible to epidemic diseases. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
7. Suffer from soil erosion. Hence, statement 4 is correct.
8. Highly unstable.
• Ecosystem is a functional unit in which all living organism and non-living component of the environment are linked together through energy flow and nutrient cycle.
• Human modified ecosystems are those ecosystems which are not self-sustaining and would perish without human assistance. For example, a farm is an artificial ecosystem that consists of plants and species outside their natural habitat. Without humans, this ecosystem could not sustain itself. The plants and animals need the help of humans to eat and survive.
Some examples of human modified ecosystems are:
1. Agro-ecosystems
2. Plantation forests
3. Urban ecosystems
4. Rural ecosystems
5. Aquaculture
6. Industrial areas
7. Laboratory cultures
Incorrect
Question 10 of 10
10. Question
2 points
Which of the following represent(s) the difference between Grazing food chain and Detritus food chain?
1. Source of energy in grazing food chain is green plants while in Detritus it starts with dead plants/animals.
2. Grazing food chain is only found in terrestrial ecosystem while detritus food chain is found in terrestrial as well as aquatic system.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below;
Correct
Correct Answer: A
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct while statement 2 is incorrect. Major difference between the two types of food chains lies in the primary source of energy which in the case of grazing food chain comes from living plant biomass while in the other from the dead organic matter. Both the food chains are found in terrestrial as well as aquatic ecosystem. In detritus first the energy is transferred to decomposers then to predators while in grazing it is transferred from plants to herbivores.
