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Question 1 of 10
1. Question
2 points
Consider the following statements regarding Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) have the property of long-range environmental transport (LRET).
As we move up the food chain, concentrations of POPs tend to decrease so that animals at the top of the food chain tend to have the low concentrations of these chemicals.
Exposure to POPs can lead to cancer and diseases of immune system.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct
Exposure to POPs can lead to cancer, damage to central & peripheral nervous systems, diseases of immune system, reproductive disorders and interference with normal infant and child development. Uniqueness of POPs: POPs are lipophilic, which means that they accumulate in the fatty tissue of living animals and human beings. In fatty tissue, the concentrations can become magnified by up to 70 000 times higher than the background levels. As you move up the food chain, concentrations of POPs tend to increase so that animals at the top of the food chain such as fish, predatory birds, mammals, and humans tend to have the greatest concentrations of these chemicals.
Incorrect
Exposure to POPs can lead to cancer, damage to central & peripheral nervous systems, diseases of immune system, reproductive disorders and interference with normal infant and child development. Uniqueness of POPs: POPs are lipophilic, which means that they accumulate in the fatty tissue of living animals and human beings. In fatty tissue, the concentrations can become magnified by up to 70 000 times higher than the background levels. As you move up the food chain, concentrations of POPs tend to increase so that animals at the top of the food chain such as fish, predatory birds, mammals, and humans tend to have the greatest concentrations of these chemicals.
Question 2 of 10
2. Question
2 points
Birds Following Army Ants is an example for which of the following types of symbiotic relationship between organisms?
Correct
Commensalism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms in which one organism benefits without harming the other. Many birds form a commensal relationship with some species of ants like the army ants. A great number of army ants trail on the forest floor, and while moving, stir up many insects lying in their path. The birds follow these army ants and eat up the insects that try to escape from them. The birds benefit by catching their prey easily, while the army ants are totally unaffected.
Incorrect
Commensalism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms in which one organism benefits without harming the other. Many birds form a commensal relationship with some species of ants like the army ants. A great number of army ants trail on the forest floor, and while moving, stir up many insects lying in their path. The birds follow these army ants and eat up the insects that try to escape from them. The birds benefit by catching their prey easily, while the army ants are totally unaffected.
Question 3 of 10
3. Question
2 points
Which of the following best describes an Indicator species?
Correct
Indicator species, organism—often a microorganism or a plant—that serves as a measure of the environmental conditions that exist in a given locale. Example – Lichens: Quality of air can be determined based on its presence.
Incorrect
Indicator species, organism—often a microorganism or a plant—that serves as a measure of the environmental conditions that exist in a given locale. Example – Lichens: Quality of air can be determined based on its presence.
Question 4 of 10
4. Question
2 points
Consider the following statements regarding Wetlands.
In India, Wetlands are regulated under the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986.
Wetlands International is an independent, not-for-profit, global organisation that works to sustain and restore wetlands and their resources for people and biodiversity.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct
Wetlands are regulated under the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017. The 2010 version of the Rules provided for a Central Wetland Regulatory Authority; the 2017 Rules replace it with state-level bodies and created a National Wetland Committee, which functions in an advisory role. The newer regulations removed some items from the definition of “wetlands” including backwaters, lagoon, creeks, and estuaries.
Incorrect
Wetlands are regulated under the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017. The 2010 version of the Rules provided for a Central Wetland Regulatory Authority; the 2017 Rules replace it with state-level bodies and created a National Wetland Committee, which functions in an advisory role. The newer regulations removed some items from the definition of “wetlands” including backwaters, lagoon, creeks, and estuaries.
Question 5 of 10
5. Question
2 points
Consider the following statements.
Cold water corals, in general, have greater amount of zooxanthellae than warm water corals and does not build reef-like structures.
Cold-water corals differ from warm water corals because the former does not contain symbiotic algae for photosynthesis and grow more slowly.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct
Corals that inhabit the colder deep waters of continental shelves and offshore canyons, ranging from 50 to over 1000m depths lack zooxanthellae and may build reef-like structures or occur solitarily. Cold-water corals are different from their warm-water counterparts because they do not contain symbiotic algae for photosynthesis and grow more slowly. Cold-water corals obtain all their energy from organic matter and zooplankton, which they catch from the currents drifting past. Cold-water corals can be found over a wide range of latitudes, from tropical to Polar Regions, and from the shallow to the deep seas.
Incorrect
Corals that inhabit the colder deep waters of continental shelves and offshore canyons, ranging from 50 to over 1000m depths lack zooxanthellae and may build reef-like structures or occur solitarily. Cold-water corals are different from their warm-water counterparts because they do not contain symbiotic algae for photosynthesis and grow more slowly. Cold-water corals obtain all their energy from organic matter and zooplankton, which they catch from the currents drifting past. Cold-water corals can be found over a wide range of latitudes, from tropical to Polar Regions, and from the shallow to the deep seas.
Question 6 of 10
6. Question
2 points
Increased Snow cover on a water body can lead to
Sudden spurt in phytoplankton population which are not dependent on photosynthesis
Improved oxygen exchange and nutrient recycling in the lake
A condition of winterkill causing large scale death of fishes and organisms
Select the correct answer code:
Correct
Phytoplankton float on top surface of water bodies and require sunlight to thrive. Ice cover will reduce their breeding grounds and population. The snow cover blocks exchange of nutrients and oxygen from the atmosphere, however the same may continue within the water stream. But it is worse than before. Snow cover of ice on water body can effectively cut off light, plunging the waters into darkness. Hence photosynthesis stops but respiration continues. Thus, in shallow lakes, oxygen gets depleted, and due to lack of oxygen there is large scale death of fishes and other organisms. This condition is known as winterkill.
Incorrect
Phytoplankton float on top surface of water bodies and require sunlight to thrive. Ice cover will reduce their breeding grounds and population. The snow cover blocks exchange of nutrients and oxygen from the atmosphere, however the same may continue within the water stream. But it is worse than before. Snow cover of ice on water body can effectively cut off light, plunging the waters into darkness. Hence photosynthesis stops but respiration continues. Thus, in shallow lakes, oxygen gets depleted, and due to lack of oxygen there is large scale death of fishes and other organisms. This condition is known as winterkill.
Question 7 of 10
7. Question
2 points
Which one of the following is the correct sequence of ecosystems in the order of decreasing productivity?
Correct
Production/unit area depends on the number and diversity of producers. Mangroves are one of the high productive regions in the world whereas ocean has least productivity.
Incorrect
Production/unit area depends on the number and diversity of producers. Mangroves are one of the high productive regions in the world whereas ocean has least productivity.
Question 8 of 10
8. Question
2 points
Consider the following statements regarding Bioluminescent organisms.
Bioluminescent organisms are found only in the ocean environments.
The colour of the light emitted by the organism depends on their chemical properties.
In some organisms, Bioluminescence acts as defence mechanism, to protect itself from other organisms.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct
“Bioluminescent organisms are usually found in the ocean environments, but they are also found on terrestrial environments. The colour of the light emitted by the organism depends on their chemical properties.” In the case of fungi, the luminescence comes from the enzyme, luciferase. “The [green] light emits when luciferans is catalysed by the enzyme luciferase, in the presence of oxygen. During the chemical reaction, several unstable intermediate products are released as excess energy that makes them visible as light.
Incorrect
“Bioluminescent organisms are usually found in the ocean environments, but they are also found on terrestrial environments. The colour of the light emitted by the organism depends on their chemical properties.” In the case of fungi, the luminescence comes from the enzyme, luciferase. “The [green] light emits when luciferans is catalysed by the enzyme luciferase, in the presence of oxygen. During the chemical reaction, several unstable intermediate products are released as excess energy that makes them visible as light.
Question 9 of 10
9. Question
2 points
Why do exotic species post a threat to an indigenous ecosystem such as in a Lake or an isolated island in the Andamans?
Such species compete with the local or native species for food.
They may be predators of local species.
Such species may cause diseases in native species.
Select the correct answer code:
Correct
Exotic species introduced to new environments often reset the ecological conditions in that new habitat, threatening the species that exist there; this is the reason that they are also termed invasive species. Invasive species that are closely related to rare native species have the potential to hybridize with the native species; harmful effects of hybridization have led to a decline and even extinction of native species. Invasive species can change the food web in an ecosystem by destroying or replacing native food sources. The invasive species may provide little to no food value for wildlife. Lakes and islands are particularly vulnerable to extinction threats from introduced species.
Incorrect
Exotic species introduced to new environments often reset the ecological conditions in that new habitat, threatening the species that exist there; this is the reason that they are also termed invasive species. Invasive species that are closely related to rare native species have the potential to hybridize with the native species; harmful effects of hybridization have led to a decline and even extinction of native species. Invasive species can change the food web in an ecosystem by destroying or replacing native food sources. The invasive species may provide little to no food value for wildlife. Lakes and islands are particularly vulnerable to extinction threats from introduced species.
Question 10 of 10
10. Question
2 points
Consider the following statements.
The energy pyramid of an ecosystem is always upright and narrows to the top.
The biomass in the upper trophic levels is generally very high as compared to the lower trophic levels.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Correct
Since each higher trophic level receives only a fraction of energy of the lower trophic levels, the energy pyramid is narrow at the top. But, generally (barring some aquatic ecosystems) lower trophic levels have higher biomass as compared to the higher trophic levels.
Incorrect
Since each higher trophic level receives only a fraction of energy of the lower trophic levels, the energy pyramid is narrow at the top. But, generally (barring some aquatic ecosystems) lower trophic levels have higher biomass as compared to the higher trophic levels.
